Orbitals part1

3D Model

In the first model 2 electrons orbit a nucleus. They are charges and magnets simultaneously. Magnetic field decreases with the third power of distance, electric field with the second power. Thus from a big distance electrons repel each other electrically. When the distance is small, magnetic attraction takes control. They would clasp, however when they run to the point of meeting, Lorentz force deflects them. The movement is so chaotic and quick that the nucleus treats them as a cloud of negative charge. Such a cloud is called an orbital.

When we add more electrons, they try to surround the nucleus evenly. Only some numbers fulfil this, eg. 2, 4, 6. In the second model 8 electrons occupy all corners of a cube. Their magnets are turned in one direction by magnetic field from outside, so they don’t attract yet. When atoms collide, electrons get energy to overcome electrical repulsion.

In the last model they are paired and have come closer to the nucleus. No more orbitals can be squized between them.