Osteology of Parapagus Conjoined Twins

3D Model

see: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tria.2022.100171

-Shared humerus, ribs, pelvis, LE -Two skulls; spine scoliosis -Thoracic vertebral body defects, thus scleretome defects (21-28 days PC). -Left individual has 12 ribs and 12 thoracic vertebrae with T10 a half body on the left side and 12 ribs and 12 thoracic vertebrae with T12 double body without an additional rib on the right side -First right rib (left individual) was attached to the cervical vertebra C7 -Right individual displayed 13 thoracic vertebrae (T7 duplication) with extra rib on the left side and 13 thoracic vertebrae and an additional half body at T4 on the right. -Rib 9 connecting the twins is bifid in the right individual -Four clavicles and scapulae -Medial arm has singular ulna, humerus (PM break), absence of carpals, fused metacarpals and proximal, intermediate, and distal phalanges of the fifth phalanx -Shared humerus has double shafts proximally and a fused distal end.